A review of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and alternative brominated flame retardants in wildlife from China: Levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics

Accelerated industrialization and urbanization, and unregulated disposal of waste of electric and electronic equipment (e-waste) in China have caused environmental pollution of brominated flame retardants (BFRs). This review summarized the levels, trends, and bioaccumulation characteristics of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and other potential alternative BFRs including hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs), 1,2-bis(2,4,6-dibromophenoxy) ethane (BTBPE) and decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in wildlife from China. PBDE levels in wildlife from China were generally higher than those from other parts in Asia, and were comparable to those from Europe but were lower than those from North America. However, wildlife from the e-waste recycling sites in South China and East China contained much higher PBDEs compared to other reports around the world, suggesting the heavy contamination of PBDEs in these regions. The alternative BFRs were also detected in wildlife, revealing that the animals are exposed to these chemicals, in addition to PBDEs. Temporal trends indicated by levels in marine mammals from South China suggested that PBDE levels increased from the beginning of 1990s to 2000s, but decreased from the middle of 2000s, followed by relatively steady levels. In contrast, HBCDs were found to be continuously increasing from 1997 to 2007, indicating the increasing usage of HBCDs in China in recent years. Compared to PBDE profiles found in other parts, aquatic species and birds from China contained relatively higher contributions of BDE-28 and 209, respectively, suggesting the possible different usage pattern of PBDEs. Future works including keeping monitoring at a reasonable scale and frequency to make sure levels near urban centers indicative of population do not increase are needed. Additionally, focus effort on e-waste recycling regions to look for impacts and to determine if regulation/controls are resulting in lower environmental contamination, and incorporation of sentinel species in monitoring efforts are recommended.     

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles and meteorological influence in four locations in Guangzhou, China

Dry deposition velocity of total suspended particles (TSP) is an effective parameter that describes the speed of atmospheric particulate matter deposit to the natural surface. It is also an important indicator to the capacity of atmosphere self-depuration. However, the spatial and temporal variations in dry deposition velocity of TSP at different urban landscapes and the relationship between dry deposition velocity and the meteorological parameters are subject to large uncertainties. We concurrently investigated this relationship at four different landscapes of Guangzhou, from October to December of 2009. The result of the average dry deposition velocity is (1.49 ± 0.77), (1.44 ± 0.77), (1.13 ± 0.53) and (1.82 ± 0.82) cm/sec for urban commercial landscape, urban forest landscape, urban residential landscape and country landscape, respectively. This spatial variation can be explained by the difference of both particle size composition of TSP and meteorological parameters of sampling sites. Dry deposition velocity of TSP has a positive correlation with wind speed, and a negative correlation with temperature and relative humidity. Wind speed is the strongest factor that affects the magnitude of TSP dry deposition velocity, and the temperature is another considerable strong meteorological factor.We also find out that the relative humidity brings less impact, especially during the dry season. It is thus implied that the current global warming and urban heat island effect may lead to correlative changes in TSP dry deposition velocity, especially in the urban areas.     

淮南塌陷区煤矸石充填复垦的碳减排效益

煤矸石由于其堆积物的高含碳量和高自燃风险,是一类巨大的碳排放源,其温室气体排放问题不容忽视,但是很少有人研究煤矸石和碳排放的关系。本文以淮南矿区塌陷区煤矸石充填复垦为例,计算了煤矸石堆存带来的潜在碳排放量、矸石山侵占土地生态系统碳储量变化及塌陷区生态系统碳储量变化。结果表明,淮南矿区煤矸石山堆存碳密度远远超过了其覆盖的当地原本自然生态系统碳储存密度,二氧化碳排放潜在风险很高。煤矸石充填复垦,能固定煤矸石中的大量的碳,还可以增加塌陷区生态系统的碳储量,有着很好的碳减排效益。     

学习力:提升矿工安全素质的第一要素

本文根据对同是高危险行业的煤矿系统和民航系统的安全状况比较分析,提出了通过提升矿工学习力以提高安全素质进而改善煤矿安全状况的重大课题.文中分析了学习力对提升矿工安全素质的作用机理,研究了学习力的控制要素及其结构关系,设计了学习力模型,根据模型提出了提升矿工学习力的具体方法.     

聚合铝铁对A2/O系统 EPS及生物絮凝性能的影响

通过向实验室构建的A2/O模型好氧池末端投加聚合铝铁(PAFC)来强化系统的生物除磷,使得出水总磷达到《城市污水处理厂污染物排放标准GB 18918-2002》中的一级A标准,并重点分析投加的PAFC对A2/O系统中活性污泥胞外聚合物(EPS)和活性污泥生物絮凝性能的影响.结果表明,随着PAFC投药量的增加,A2/O系统活性污泥EPS总量变化不大,但EPS组分中蛋白/多糖含量的比值逐渐降低,由投药前的3.30降低至投药后的2.30;EPS中金属离子含量逐渐增加,在厌氧-缺氧-好氧的运行周期内,各处理单元污泥的EPS中金属铝离子含量增加.投加PAFC后,活性污泥颗粒变大,二沉池出水的Zeta电位明显降低,由投药前-15.83 mV降低至-21.20 mV,污泥产量增加.因此,适量投加PAFC后,生物絮凝性能得到改善,出水中悬浊颗粒减少,出水水质变好.     

中国火山地区预警政策研究

本文主要介绍了我国的活火山、火山灾害情况及国内外的火山预警政策。在此基础上讨论了我国火山地区预警政策的组成结构,认为完整的火山地区预警政策应该包括活火山识别、火山风险评价与灾害区划图、制定火山应急预案、火山防灾减灾知识宣传、火山监测和灾害预报、火山灾害预警等级划分、火山减灾工程措施以及预警响应措施等方面,并对火山预警政...     

潜流人工湿地填料筛选及其对小城镇微污染水的修复性能评价

为了选择适合小城镇潜流人工湿地的填料,选取小城镇较为常见的材料(废砖、卵石、碎石),结合物化性质,研究25℃下填料对磷的吸附效果,并分析了填料种类对野外潜流人工湿地运行的影响。结果表明:(1)25℃时,3种填料对磷的吸附量随着溶液中初始磷浓度的增加而增加,吸附能力依次为废砖>碎石>卵石;(2)野外潜流人工湿地运行过程中,随HRT的延长,组合填料湿地WL1和废砖填料WL2湿地对总磷的净化效果有所提高,且WL2湿地对总磷的去除效果略优于WL1。因此,可以选择废砖作为小城镇潜流人工湿地系统的填料。     

基于累积Logistic模型的行人交通事故严重程度分析及对策研究

为了准确分析影响行人交通事故严重程度的各项因素,引入累积Logistic模型研究人、车、路、环境及事故特征与行人事故严重程度之间的关系.以美国北卡罗来纳州夏洛特市2016年的行人交通事故数据为样本,通过聚类压缩、共线性检验和预测力分析,从人、车、路、环境及事故特征5个方面选取16个因素作为自变量,事故严重程度作为因变量,构建行人交通事故严重程度预测模型来分析仅财产损失事故、受伤事故和死亡事故的影响因素,并引入弹性分析量化各显著因素的影响程度,检验结果显示模型拟合良好.结果表明,在0.05的显著性水平下,事故形式、事故发生时段、车辆类型、照明条件、行人年龄段、行人饮酒情况6个因素与事故严重程度显著相关.最后针对性地提出了行人事故预防对策.研究结果有助于交通管理者采取合理的策略来降低行人交通事故严重程度.     

氟虫腈对斑马鱼和小菜蛾毒性的手性选择性研究

手性农药分子的不同对映体在环境中的降解速率和对于生物的毒性可能存在很大的差异,因此拆分并使用对靶标生物毒性较高或对非靶标生物毒性较低的单一或浓缩的对映体配方可以有效地降低杀虫剂的环境风险.本文用手性柱拆分了一种广泛使用的手性农药,氟虫腈的两种对映体,研究了这两种对映体和消旋体对靶标生物小菜蛾和非靶标生物斑马鱼的急性毒性.结果表明氟虫腈对受试靶标和非靶标生物的毒性均无手性选择性,说明无法通过对氟虫腈进行手性拆分并使用单一对映体配方来降低氟虫腈的环境风险.这一结论间接支持了农业部新近出台的禁止氟虫腈用于防治农田害虫的政策.